Employment and Personal Values

What do you do if your own qualities are in strife with authoritative/relational business conventions? | Reaction Paper Week 2| Professional Development MBA-525-MBOL5| Kelly M. Mistretta| 7/15/2012| | Values are a piece of every one of us. Our worth framework is impacted from birth by relatives. As we develop, our qualities keep on being molded by our family, notwithstanding outside impacts, for example, instructors, companions and different guides. In our expert life, we will doubtlessly be looked sooner or later in time, with a contention between our own qualities and an expert situation.It is essential to deal with the contention with respect and to discover an answer for the contention wherein your individual qualities are kept up, just as your expert trustworthiness. Individual qualities go about as inspirations and effect needs. Instances of spurring esteems are accomplishment, joy, headway/advancement, and family. Å"To increase a superior comprehension of how your qualities pe rsuade you to set needs, take a stab at taking a gander at your own exercises. (Qualities, 8) When settling on a choice dependent on your own qualities and the exercises that impact these qualities, understand that the need that you place on these qualities will possibly have both positive and negative outcomes. While picking a vocation at an organization, you ought to perceive the possible outcomes and clashes that you might be confronted with. It is imperative to recognize cautiously between your own qualities and hierarchical qualities. At the point when confronted with a circumstance that you feel awkward with in an expert circumstance, you should initially talk with your companys Code of Conduct.It is conceivable that the circumstance additionally is in struggle with the Code of Conduct. Despite the fact that the law doesn't require a Code of Conduct, Å"company pioneers see the advantage of having their moral strategies formalized.  (Pace, 28) Codes of Conduct are helpful to managers, since it tells representatives what is anticipated from them. It is significant for a business to maintain their Code of Conduct, provided that they dont, the code gets futile. All workers ought to have a duplicate of the Code of Conduct to allude to so they comprehend what is viewed as satisfactory direct, how to deal with and report offense and the possible punishments for misconduct.Relationships with representatives, companions and supervisors can cause struggle for the executives. Å"The predicament is additionally entangled by the way that these basic individuals may have opposite objectives and contending needs. A slip up in taking care of a moral issue may well influence a relationship, or wait on the still, small voice, for a considerable length of time to come.  (Maddux, 7) As a representative, when confronted with a circumstance that conflicts with your own convictions, you should ensure that paying little mind to the result, you have an unmistakable inner voic e and feel good with your choices and actions.An case of individual qualities clashing with business esteems for me happens on a practically regular schedule with an associate. This individual plays Christian music boisterously at her work area for the duration of the day. By and by, I don't have an issue with the Christian music. Truth be told, I tune in to a Christian radio broadcast in my vehicle continually. Nonetheless, I don't concur that the work environment is the best spot to play this music. We see an assortment of clients for the duration of the day who have various convictions and qualities than we do.Furthermore, we work in an administration office and must be mindful so as not to traverse a nonexistent line. I for one would be irritated in the event that I visited an administration office and had rap music or substantial metal music played to me while directing business. I feel that she could annoy a client who would prefer not find out about religion while acquiring a structure grant. A superior choice for this colleague is hear her out music when there are no clients and afterward quiet or stop the music when there is somebody at her desk.Professionalism is an attribute that we ought to keep up consistently. It tends to be difficult to keep up your self-restraint when a circumstance clashes with your own convictions. An individual needs to consider how the repercussions and the seriousness of these implications while dissecting a circumstance that affronts them by and by. On the off chance that the circumstance includes a colleague, you ought to talk about the circumstance with them and let them know why you discover their activities hostile to you. Ideally your colleague will regard your qualities and you can discover shared conviction on the circumstance. REFERENCESFrederick, William C. (1995). Qualities, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation. Cary, NC:Oxford University Press. Maddux, Dorothy, Maddux, Robert B. , Sanders, Marian. (1 989). Morals in Business: A Guide for Managers. Boston:Course Technology Crisp. Pace, J. (2006). The Workplace: Interpersonal Strengths and Leadership. Boston:McGraw Hill. Qualities, Motivation, and Priorities. (2007). Setting Priorities: Personal Values, Organizational Results, 8-11. Exchange offs and Consequences. (2007). Setting Priorities: Personal Values, Organizational Results, 16-17.

Environmental Impacts Of Oil And Gas Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecological Impacts Of Oil And Gas Environmental Sciences Essay Oil and gas organizations have been directing investigation ventures worldwide for quite a long time trying to discover and remove the amazingly important worldwide asset known as oil (BERA 2006). Oil and gas investigation includes testing earth, utilizing complex innovation and isn't with no natural harm. A significant test in investigation of oil and gas is the biological essentialness of rehashed exposures to extremely low-level arrivals of different synthetic concoctions, the evacuation of vegetative spread, sway on fisheries, and biodiversity misfortune. A large portion of the creating nations in Africa are frantic for monetary achievement and this is typically the significant main impetus behind authorizing any investigation exercises in this district. The issue is that the majority of these nations are unpracticed in the oil business and accordingly they think about not many ecological ramifications. In lieu of this, it turns out to be exceptionally noticeable that overlooking the prompt and long haul effects of Ghanas oil and gas investigation exercises will damagingly affect the encompassing biodiversity and environment. In 2007, Ghana affirmed that an expected 800 million barrels of oil was found in the southern shoreline of the Gulf of Guinea by Tullow Oil. Tullow Oil is a Uk based organization and is engaged with oil investigation in Ghana. The individuals of Ghana were in a split second energized and anticipating receive the rewards of the disclosure yet sadly the potential adverse issues related with investigation were ignored. The financial advantages related with this revelation had been organized over natural contemplations. Interestingly, Ghana doesn't need to look far to learn exercises of the past. Nigeria being a couple of miles from Ghana is a prime wellspring of data to gain from. Potential effects allude to both the negative and constructive outcomes on the quality and amount of the biotic and abiotic components of the physical condition. In this examination, the emphasis is on the negative impacts of oil investigation exercises on the biological system of the coast. As far as possible for a waterfront zone is between 50 meters underneath mean ocean level and 50 meters above tide level from the shore. It incorporates coral reefs, intertidal zones, estuaries, beach front aquaculture, and seagrass networks (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2003:54). Thinking about the related ecological effects of oil and gas investigation, plainly practicable natural guidelines are basic in controlling and limiting ecological effects. The zones for oil and gas investigation in Ghana incorporate the Nzema East Municipal, the Secondi Takoradi Metropolitan, the Ellembelle, the Ahanta West, the Jomoro, the Agona West District Assemblies. The encompassing networks are cape three focuses, half Assini, Ellembelle, Princes Town, Axim, Discove, Busua, Miamia, Akwidae,Wotera, Sekonde, Eziama, Nkroful and Secondi-Takoradi. These zones will in all probability be influenced by oil and gas investigation exercises. GhanaWestCoastMap Figure : Coastal line of Ghana C:UsersJoseph Addo-YoboDesktopghana-seaward oil-map.jpg Figure : Ghanas seaward oil fields Destinations The destinations of this venture are: To dissect the ecological effects from oil and gas investigation on the beach front environment and biodiversity in Ghana. To decide the different degrees of water quality parameters, for example, shading, conductivity, all out broke up solids, potassium content, calcium content, magnesium content, phosphate substance, lead and arsenic content. To decide the centralizations of oil/oil in water tests that have been gathered and use focuses as markers of contamination from oil investigation. To think about degrees of oil/oil in water tests with that of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ghana Environmental Protection Agency ( GEPA). To cause suggestions to assist with dealing with the related natural effects. Research Questions: What are the natural effects of oil and gas investigation on the waterfront biological system? The postulation starts with the assessment and examination of potential natural effects that will most likely emerge from oil and gas investigation. As indicated by the EP Forum/UNEP Technical Report (1997) the potential effects may rely on numerous different things among which include: The phase of the procedure, the size and intricacy of the task, the nature and affectability of the general condition, the adequacy of arranging and movement strategies. Such effects incorporate environmental, sea-going, earthbound and human effects. What proposals will help deal with the related natural effects from oil and gas investigation in Ghana? It isn't sufficient to simply recognize the feasible perils from investigation without prescribing measures to adapt to or limit the potential risks. Suggestions become progressively basic taking into account the reality Ghana is unpracticed in the business and enactments are not completely planned to adapt to the natural dangers that go with any investigation action. The proposition gives express proposals dependent on the discoveries as exercises from comparative examinations somewhere else. Procedure An endeavor was made to decide a portion of the effects from oil investigation on the Jubilee field territory and the ecological coastline by a progression of irregular testing and by looking at results. A review of the ecological standard and nature is given. This depended on the six oil areas in Ghana and the Jubilee field zone. The effects are sorted into minor, moderate and major. Investigation exercises at each stage are introduced. Irregular examining methods were done to decide if there was contamination in the water from the investigation exercises. An audit of the present enactment systems in Ghana to adapt to these issues. Present moment and long haul suggestions made to help limit the effects. Association OF REPORT This report is isolated into six parts. The structure is as per the following: Section one gives a short presentation and goals for directing this examination. The foundation to the setting and approach are likewise included. Part two involves the writing audit. The area for the oil investigation exercises and general way to deal with oil and gas investigation are depicted. Part three incorporates what this exploration includes and is talked about in the extension, for example, the potential effects on nature. Section four surveys the consequences of the examination introduced and are broke down. The last section closes with suggestions, both present moment and long haul to help limit the effects and discusses the momentum enactment systems set up in Ghana to adapt to the effects evaluated in this examination. The fundamental ends are additionally introduced and further suggestions for additional investigations made to help address relevant issues perceived under this examination. Introduced beneath is a synopsis of the examination structure: Research Objectives Research Questions Writing Review Strategy Writing Reviews Potential Impacts Perceptions Results and Analysis Conversation End Suggestions Section TWO Writing REVIEW 2.1 Overview of oil and gas investigation exercises on the beach front zone of Ghana Oil and gas investigation includes prospecting looking over and investigation boring. The prospecting studying begins with a survey of geographical maps to recognize major sedimentary rocks bowls. This might be trailed by an airborne photography to recognize promising topographical developments, for example, issues and anticlines. A field evaluation is done to accumulate increasingly point by point data. The three techniques utilized for studying incorporate seismic, attractive or gravity strategy. Investigation penetrating includes boring investigation wells to affirm the nearness of hydrocarbons. In Ghana, portable seaward boring units (MODU) are utilized. Hydrocarbon investigation in Ghana goes back to 1986 when oil leaks were found in the seaward Tano bowl. This in the long run prompted boring of investigation wells in the region of Half-Asini (GNPC, 2012). A sum of 10 disclosures have been made and around 79 investigation wells penetrated in Ghana. None however the Saltpond field, found in 1970 and found around 100km west of Accra. As of now, Exploration exercises are progressing in Ghanas four sedimentary bowls specifically the Tano bowl, focal bowl, keta bowl and voltaian bowl (GNPC, 2012). The most encouraging revelation so far is the Jubilee field which was found in 2007. The Jubilee Unit zone covers some portion of the Deepwater Tano and West Cape three focuses permit territories. Kosmos Ghana HC, an investigation organization penetrated the Mahogany-1 well in the West Cape Three Points square. Ghanas oil and gas investigation exercises don't come without ecological difficulties. These difficulties may emerge from at least one of the accompanying: venture impression, operational releases, air discharges, squander the board and danger of a victory during boring. 2.1.1 Surveying Stage In the principal phase of investigating for rock developments bearing hydrocarbons, geographical maps are surveyed in work area studies to distinguish major sedimentary bowls (EP Forum/UNEP 1997). Work area study indentifies regions with positive land conditions. No potential necessities are required on ground to do this investigation. The territory is distinguished dependent on alleviation and physical land investigation. In light of the outcomes and suppositions from the work area study, on the off chance that good scene highlights are uncovered, at that point low floating airplanes are utilized to do elevated overview. The low-flying airplane over the investigation are gives review and fringe data. A seismic review is basically utilized in hydrocarbon (oil and gas) investigation to explore the Earths subsurface structure. This technique utilizes the standards of intelligent seismology to gain and decipher seismic information, which permits the estimation of the Earths piece (Morgan

Great Exhibition Building in Dublin Essay -- Architecture History

Dublin 1853 Main Hall This picture is a lovely shading lithograph, estimating 25 by 35 inches, which includes the principle corridor of the Great Exhibition Building in Dublin in incredible detail. The corridor was 425 feet long by 100 in width, and 105 in stature. In the back there is an enormous organ. Shown high on the dividers are banners from various nations. The structure is best depicted by The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition Catalog, which says: Introducing a front to Merrion-square of 300 feet, the fundamental or focus highlight of height comprises of a crescent projection, which frames the Eastern end of the Central Hall. This in an honorable loft of 425 feet long, and 100 feet in tallness, secured by a half circle rooftop trellis ransacks, in one range of 100 feet. On each side of the Center upon trellis ribs, in one range of 100 feet. On each side of the Center Hall, and running corresponding to it for a similar length, are two lobbies 50 feet wide, with domed rooftops, like what covers the fundamental nave or lobby of the structure. The Height from the floor to the top of every one of these corridors is 65 feet. They are drawn closer through entries from the Center Hall. Notwithstanding these three corridors are four compartments of 25 feet wide, running the entire length of the structure; two are set between the Center Hall and the side lobbies, and two on each side of the last mentioned; partitioned into segments of 2 5 feet square, shaping helpful divisions for the motivations behind arrangement. Over these compartments are open displays, likewise running the length of the structure, which bear the cost of expanded space for show, yet structure a pleasing promenade from whence the impact of the three corridors might be seen to more noteworthy favorable position. Toward the south ... ...or then again, which made its awe inspiring lobbies themselves, instances of a motivators to something higher and more fantastic in structure than had before been achieved (Sproule). The Building itself was maybe the best curiosity displayed, both in Art and Manufacture (Sproule). No data on the destiny of the Great Exhibition Building, other than it does not stand anymore and no endeavor was made to reconstruct the structure with progressively lasting materials. Works Cited: Findling, John E., editorial manager, Historical Dictionary of World's Fairs and Expositions, 1851-1988. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. p. 10-11 Ingram, J.S., The Centennial Exposition; Described and Illustrated. St. Louis: Hubbard Bros., 1876. p. 31-33 The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition Catalog. London: Virtue, 1853. p. v Sproule, John. Irish Industrial Exhibition 1853. London: William S. Orr and Co., 1854. p. 27-41.

How to Write in College - Strategies to Help You Be a Successful Academic Writing Student

How to Write in College - Strategies to Help You Be a Successful Academic Writing StudentHow to write in college is a complex task, and the more difficult it gets, the more difficult it is to write. Sometimes it can feel as if your pen just isn't quite right anymore, and it becomes difficult to get a draft of the paper. As you go through your classes, you may notice that your classmates and instructors are giving their students extra attention. And you just can't seem to catch up with what they're doing.Writing is one of the skills that you have to develop as a student. It can be as simple as taking notes during lecture or as difficult as writing the final paper for an assignment. It depends on what you choose to focus on in the classroom and what you want to get from your work.So how do you go about learning how to write in college? Here are some tips.When you're first starting out, you might find it very difficult to write your own name. You might feel self-conscious and nervous, t hinking you will mess it up. It might even seem as if it's the only part of your writing that you haven't perfected yet. This is perfectly normal. But here are some tips that can help you perfect the art of writing your name.Make sure you always begin a sentence with your name. You need to make sure that you don't just drop your name there at the end of the sentence. You need to make sure you actually follow it up with your full name. Avoid saying, 'you know,' or 'sounds like,' when addressing somebody. Instead, always address them by their first name.A good writing teacher might be able to give you some techniques that you can use for the rest of your writing. They can also give you tips for strengthening your writing skills as a whole. A writing tutor can guide you in learning to work on your sentences, spelling, grammar, and everything else that needs to be done. Often, they'll have ideas for how to use technology to help you improve your writing.As you learn how to write in coll ege, remember that it's not just about practicing and mastering your skills. It's about improving your skills.

Notes On Brain And Brains Essay - 1107 Words

1. Brain cells and brains evolved pretty recently – about 250 million years ago, compared to the appearance of the first life-forms to arise. †¢ First evolved neurons and muscles to assist animals with movement. †¢ Nerve net – a connection of neurons that receive sensory information and send signals to other neurons that are involved in muscle movement. †¢ The first bilateral symmetry was described in flatworms, the nervous system on one side is almost identical to the other side, the human nervous system is arranged the same way. †¢ Segmentation, first observed in earthworms, whose bodies consist of several repeating segments, just like a human spinal cord. †¢ Ganglia. The first brain-like structure (a collection of neurons that function somewhat like brain) was found in clams, octopuses, snails, and insects. †¢ Spinal cord connects our brain and all the body parts senses. Was first found in highly evolved chordates. †¢ Brain. Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals share this unique part of our central nervous system, but the human brain appears to be the largest relative to body size. It is believed that our ancestors’ brains evolved from changing their life-styles: having an upright posture, constructing and using tools, and developing language. 2. The human brain and a spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS), which is responsible for mediating our behavior; it processes the afferent sensory information carried by the peripheral nervous system (PNS) – allShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Stroke And Its Effects On The Brain2169 Words   |  9 Pageswhat is this horrific and sudden disease called stroke? Stroke is the sudden loss of brain function caused by a disturbance of blood flow to the brain. 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Marketing Promotion Sales Promotion - 2118 Words

Promotion: Sales Promotion: 1. We will use free samples to give people a chance to try the product. We will send free sample to retail stores and supermarkets. They can have a section for Nestle to help people if they need assistance. 2. We will make the combo. The combo is water, chocolate and ice cream. Sometimes elderly have a desire for something sweet but because they are health conscious our modified product is healthy. This way the customer and consumers are happy and satisfied. 3. We will also set a buy one and get one deal. Old people are caring; they always buy things for their grandchildren. Sometimes they want to eat ice cream and they can buy it and get one free to their grandchildren. Personal Selling: Personal selling is†¦show more content†¦This describes an old man takes his grandson and they eat Nestle ice cream together. They feel so happy. Sometimes old man feel so lonely, they want to do things with their grandchildren. This ad will make old people want to buy ice-cream to share with their grandchildren. Pull strategy is used because old people care about their health. Our products have so many Vitamins and nutrition. So we use newspapers and televisions to communicate the marketing message to old people. For example, Promotion Strategy Of the six elements of promotion, Nestle uses advertising, sales promotions online marketing, and public relations to engage loyal customers and persuade new users to buy Kit Kat. Kit Kat advertising efforts includes print, billboards, bus stops and television. Sales Promotions is in form of contest aimed at the end consumer. They had four major contests with cash and travel prizes. During the summer 2012 Olympics, consumers could vote for the number of medals they believed Canada would bring home for a chance to win $25,000.Kit Kats â€Å"Big Break† contest gave away $1,000 each week for the duration of the promotion with an additional three $100,000 grand prizes. Recently, Kit Kat asked fans to vote for their favorite Chunky flavor for a chance to win a trip to one of the three U.S. destinations. Online Marketing Kit Kat uses Facebook and Twitter to keep consumers informed of product developments and upcoming events. So Online marketing is good for seniors cannot come

Administrative Intelligence-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Intelligence Agencies are new but Intelligence is as old as time. How has Intelligence changed over time and what, if anything, about it has remained the same? Answer: There is no gain stating the obvious fact that human intelligence, since the inception of mankind, has experienced a steady evolution over a course of thousand years. The general intelligence of any individual is defined as his ability to acquire as well as to apply his knowledge in life, foreseeing the possible outcome, and adopting necessary strategies to fulfil or combat the same. With the advent of technology and scientific advancement, the intelligence acquisition method has also largely improved with time, and with the presence of spy agencies and smart thinking robots, the transformation of intelligence architecture has undergone a rapid, profound transformation. However, while scientific advancement has facilitated the invention of new machines and robots that have helped in the development of various branches of intelligence science such as cognitive science, artificial intelligence and brain science it should be remembered that the origin of intelligence can be traced back to 100 years (Mitra and Liebig 2017). As the most powerful advisor and popular dictator in the court of Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya was the ultimate realist and famous pragmatist, whose eminent political treatise Arthasastra, intended to enlighten a wise king how best to govern and administer the empire, in the most discreet way. Although the treatise concerning itself with war and diplomacy seems to be most relevant at a time of empires and kingdom, it should be remembered that Kautilya still remains relevant in todays world. As one of the greatest and most popular political books of the ancient world, written back around the time of 300 BCE, Arthasastra remains highly relevant today. This widely read and well-received treatise is the source of wisdom and intelligence even in the 21st century, and needless to state that his ideas of a welfare state, economic policies and administrative reforms, good governance as well as foreign trade are even applied today. Before explaining how Kautilya remains relevant even today, when one seeks to define intelligence, it is important to see how has intelligence evolved and progressed over the ages. In many aspects the political intelligence in present world aligns with the concepts in Kautiliyan Arthashastra. According to Gautam (2013) the concept of punishment and discipline in the political system, the manner of appointment of ministers in 21st century aligns with the Kautilyas principles. Kautilya elucidated the method of recruitment of councilors, spies, priests, envoys and how to protect princes and educate them. Further, Arthashastra also highlighted how to keep the treatment of the prince under restrain. It explained the role and duties of the king towards state in detail, the personal safety of king and duties of king towards female quarters. In present world the recruitment of ministers based on certain educational qualifications and team of professionals hired for their protection and perso nal safety can be traced back to Kautilyas Arthashastra (Shoham and Liebig 2016). It can be concluded that todays political environment to a great extent is governed by the Kautilyasprinciples. Intelligence in present is as old as time although the intelligent agencies are new. As per Liebig (2014) Arthashastra emphasise on keeping the conduct of the ministers and prince under confinement. It is the concept of vijigisu, where the king takes the responsibility to defend the state. Its application in present day can be related with the Obamas overarching strategy in tracking Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda in Afghanistan. The strategies used by Obama to protect the state were confined and were disclosed only to operation team. Gautam (2013) studied the relevance of Kautilyasprinciples in modern India. First evidence of political intelligence originating from these principles in India comes from Jawaharlal Nehru studying Kautilya Arthashastra in Prison. Other evidences were given by the current President Pranab Mukherjee and NSA Shivshankar Menon who are discursively engaged with Kautilyasthoughts. It gain indicates that the intelligence is as old as time. In contempor ary Indian life, the symbolic representation of Kautiliyan thought in street names and names of educational institutions is found. The political strategic documents do not explicitly refer to Kautilya. It is argued that the latent presence of these principles in present day politics and primary socialisation due to its affinity with epics like Mahabharata. In Asia many countries like India are striving for great power status. The contemporary politico-strategic challenges in India seem to reuse the past as the political activities since 1947 appears to demonstrate, Kautilyan-realist learning curve. Not only India but the manner in which Japan, Germany, US and other countries are establishing the international relationships depicts the behaviour that aligns with the concept of Rajamandala theory in the Arthasastra. In this aspect the political intelligence has remained same (Warner 2014). On the contrary, the intelligence was also found to change overtime in some other aspects. The sixth book of Arthashastra deals with the seven factors of a commonwealth, which act as a source of the circle of kingdom. It is called the saptagna theory (Gautam 2013). The factors include the country, the minister, the king, the friend, the treasury, and the army. These factors also make the ideal of a well organised state in present world. This fact is less realised due to greater emphasis on political theory and thought put forward by Plato and Aristotle. Thus may have brought the deviation of modern day intelligence from the ancient time. There are seven constituent elements of the statecraft. However, only four of these elements are used in the western conception of state. In many western countries the concept of economy is the basis of state is missing. In Arthasastra, this aspect is considered an important constituent of the state (Goria 2017). The western discourse on peace finds military security as the precondition. On the other Indian discourse emphasise on establishing peace without the primacy of military hardware. Unlike India, the western thinkers do not consider peace as both means and the end. In western countries, peace is considered a goal that can be attained by having a high degree of military self-reliance. The war and conflict in the world is due to this fallacy of belief. Even Kautilya does not highly focus on the importance of military for state. It gives equal importance to all the seven constituents, where each one of them is interdependent (Crosston 2016).). The concept of war among neighbouring countries still exist today which accords to Warner (2014) may be misinterpretation of theory. It is argued that most people misinterpret this theory as considering neighbouring states as enemy and enemy of an enemy as friend (Shoham and Liebig 2016). In this aspect it can be argued that the official thinking in India is not influenced by the Kaut ilya Arthasastras foreign policy theories. However, many countries in west Asia follow its tenets in a serious fashion. It appears from the above discussion that intelligence is old as time in many aspects. It has evolved from the Kautilya Arthasastra. In present world this however differs from the Arthasastra in many aspects. It can be concluded that the Kautilyasprinciples are relevant in present times just like in ancient times. It continues to be relevant and may remain so in future generations. However, there is a need of great amount of scholarship because the world is changing dramatically and it is difficult to establish the relevance to Kautilyas work in terms of the present day intelligence completely. Kautilya has provided a detailed description about the responsibilities and duties of the king, ministers and the other state officials. Kautilya has also provided a detailed commentary on the state's political administration. He has explained how the political administration can be effectively undertaken and managed. He also gave instructions about the defense of the boundaries of the state, protection of the forts and the ways in which the infiltration of the enemies can be handled effectively. The Arthashastra of Kautilya differentiates legal issues into criminal and civil matters and gives importance over the specific guidelines for administering justice in terms of evidence, witness and procedures. Moreover, Kautilya strongly preached dignity. However, he maintained that the penalties must be fair and proportionate to the offence that has been committed. This principle of Kautilya is relevant even today's scenario because the need for comprehensive and sound administration for t he state has been uplifted by the propensity of the strong to flout the law and to perform the same repeatedly (Gautam 2013). A government can only be acknowledged as good if it is administered in a structured manner. Kautilya suggested that good governance must dodge any kind of extreme decisions and extreme actions. According to him, soft and the harsh actions must be taken accordingly depending on the prevailing circumstances. According to him, sovereignty is only practicable when there lays co-operation with others. He also preached that the administrative measures are required to be taken only after proper deliberations (Singh 2012; Liebig 2013). In present case political scenario, enemies are no longer a state actor but a non-state actor like terrorist so using a spy as stated by Kautilya is a good strategy to ascertain the motive of the enemies. Kautilya advocated of utilizing women as a weapon of war. He regarded women as source of sexual satisfaction for the enemies of the troops, participating in the war. According to him, women are a powerful addiction and a king must use them against an enemy (Prabhu and Dwivedi 2015). He proposed to use women as a source of assassination and thereby creating dispute among the enemies. Thus the prospective enemies end up killing each other as a result of lust against ravishing women. Kautilya also proposed to use women as spy (Vittal 2011). Women promised pleasure to the king or the higher authorities of the opposing enemies and at the time of the climax, the enemies would end up revealing their secret game plan to these women spies. These spy women then inform the same to the emperor, helping them to combat the attack of the enemy tactically (Vittal 2011). This game plan in warfare of using women is relevant in present day scenario as well. United States and United Kingdom intelligence agencies promote recruitment of female staffs and target middle-aged women for these jobs. However, the reason behind the use of the women as a spy in the political warfare has changed its perspective. Now-a-days, in the era of feminism, women are no longer treated as a symbol of sex or objectified as a symbol of sexual desire. On contrary women are recruited on the basis of high emotional intelligence and to create work place diversity (BBC News 2017). They now are provided with more flexible work environment in order to provide them career support and to encourage more women to join the council of foreign intelligence (Bhadu and Singh 2012).Kautilya believed that the heredity troops are more dedicated when comes to patriotism than that of hired troops. In other words, troops consisting of men born in the same kingdom are claimed to remain loyal to the king. However, this concept of Kautilya though stands strong on the psychological grounds but fails to stand out in present day socio-political scenario. Now the countries are separated as developed, developing or third world countries. With the advancement of the concept of outsourcing, increase in population, need for cheap labor and increase in the number of detention refuges, the developed countries are now using the citizens of the third world countries as the soldiers of war fare. For example, more than 100, 00 people of Iraq are working on a contractual basis with the United States Department of Defense. Two of the most common out sourced militant troops of US is Black water and Armor group. However, there are reports that these private armies are working as security agents in the day time and serving as terrorist at night, thus once again proving Kautilya's hypothesis as a true statement (Sihag 2017). A far-sighted visionary that Kautilya was, it is no wonder that his political treatise has withstood the test of time, and has proved to be crucial and useful in framing the administrative and military reforms of the present era. It is important to note how the Western thinkers and sociologists had expressed various views and ideas regarding political administration that had already been shared by Kautilya in Arthasastra. It should be remembered that Arthasastra spoke of practical realism, rather than mere political philosophy as spoken by Plato and Aristotle. It should be noted that although the Prince written by Machiavelli is also a remarkable political treatise, advising a king to follow steps that would help him in perpetuating his rule, Arthasastra is different as it enlightens one about how to create a sustainable, and productive state. This is precisely the reason why the ideas expressed in Arthasastra are even relevant today. The German sociologist Max Weber is always praise d for his theory of Bureaucracy, where he propounded that the key to running an efficient and highly productive state is to create a government administration system run, controlled and managed by the departments staffed with the non-elected officials, that will ensure maximum transparency and integrity in action (Malhotra 2014). Weber believed that organized hierarchies can only ensure the most efficient and rational form of administration and this systematic process of administration will only help in maintaining order as well as maximizing efficiency. Since the 18th Century, the international political system has witnessed a modern form of bureaucracy, whereby the inefficient and unfair practice of tax farming as was prevalent at earlier times, soon got replaced by an organized method of tax collection, whereby the Exchequers being enrolled to raise taxes, by exerting control over the system of tax revenue and government expenditure (Gautam 2013). Further, by the advent of 20th c entury, bureaucratic form of administration became highly popular amongst all the nations, with the public sector of almost all the countries employing over 5% of its workforce for working for the government. It is no wonder that some of the greatest critics and theorists of all time, such as J.S Mill has claimed that most of the successful monarchies of the world were based on the notion of bureaucracy, and he stated the chef reason behind the success of bureaucracy lies in the fact that its representatives are chosen solely on the basis of appointment, rather than direct, unfair election (Smith 2016). However, although the term bureaucracy is a recent one, coined in the 18th century only, Kautilya had already spoken about the importance of exercising control on the people of the state, even on the importance of creating a spy-network to keep surveillance over the whereabouts of the officials, and the ultimate aim behind the same was fair and transparent administration. Further, it is important to note that Kautilyas maxims of administration already included features such as hierarchy, defined competence of each office, selection and appointment of employees by merit, promotion by seniority-cum-merit, compensation, training and discipline, which were later being discussed by Weber. However, it should be remembered at present, many countries are trying to shift focus away from bureaucratic system of administration, and make their ways towards privatization, as the former is often being accused of paralysing individual initiative resulting in stagnation, while the latter allowing sufficient room for progress and improvement (Gautam 2013). Hence, considering the problem of suppressed creativity, many countries are however moving away from bureaucracy. However, even today in many countries, bureaucracy is the most acceptable form of public administration. Though it is a less acknowledged fact, but the mass surveillance policy of the government is of indispensible importance in smoothly administering a nation. In order to ensure national security, and offer protection to the residents of a country from the terrorists, the government of various countries has also initiated various surveillance programs. For example, only a very few days back, the US government was in news for collecting highly confidential data from the phone logs and Internet data from millions of Americans as part of its mission to keep the United States safe, and with the advent of technology, the domestic spying technique has already reached another level. However, it is less known a fact that Kautilyas Arthasastra had already spoken about the importance of mass surveillance program, considering it to be a key component of any efficient administrative system. Kautilya sternly believed that the spies should keep a close eye on the high officials of the country to exa mine their loyalty and commitment towards the government, as well as the citizens of the country to know their reaction towards the abilities and competence of the administrator. Kautilya believed that this would help the ruler gain comprehensive knowledge about the functioning of the administrative staffs as well as the loyalty of the employees working there (Kumar 2016). At present, in order to tighten up the vigilance system, the government of many countries is not only monitoring the whereabouts of its people through recording systems, but also monitoring and evaluating the performance of the government representatives by installing CCTV cameras in office rooms as well as across the streets. A large number of mass surveillance programs as carried on by the government of various countries such as BULLRUN (USA), Magic Lantern (USA), GhostNet (China), Frenchelon (France) make use of advanced technology, including commercial software such as NarusInsight, that helps in instant ident ification of the culprits, or flaws in the system, and as a system is much more time-saving and effective (Tanwar 2014). However, all these government bodies, while monitoring the internet and telephone communication or supervising staff performance, are necessarily employing the use of the time-tested statecraft intelligence designed by Kautilya in his Arthasastra. One of the most impressive aspects of Arthasastra is its detailed account of the importance of effective fiscal management, which alone can ensure the creation of a highly productive and financially sound nation. At present, the economists believe in increasing the tax base as it is the only way of creating more assets on the tax rolls (e.g., new or improved business properties, homes, and rental properties) to spread the cost of operations across more entities (Murthy and Rooney 2016). There is no gain stating the fact that this will result in more money to enhance government-funded community features that in turn can add to higher quality of life. However, this is not a new concept, and such scientifically proven techniques have already been discussed by Kautilya as he was the first one to advocate that the tax base should be increased, rather than the tax rate. An efficient and financially sound fiscal management policy was initiated by Kautilya who deeply believed that the functi on of a ruler or an administrator is to collect sufficient taxes to sustain the kingdom, rather than collecting too much tax that end up overburdening and destroying its people. Further, it is equally important to note here that Arthasastra was the first book that spoke about the importance of creating distinct tax structures for people belonging to different financial backgrounds, whereby the wealthy persons should always pay higher tax than the poorer people (Manrai and Goel 2017). At present, the tax policy of the government of all the countries is completely based on this idea, whereby the federal tax rate is based on the income level of the citizen, and exemption is provided to an employee earning below a certain level. Unlike former times, when the ruler of a kingdom followed a set of administrative rules and policies, duly communicated to the ministers, at present a well-written constitution states the laws of the country, and lays forth the roles and responsibilities of the government and each of its representatives in serving the nation. Although a well-written Constitution is a unique addition to this, it is important that the essential content of the Constitution of most of the countries is derived from Kautilyas Arthasastra. First of all, akin to the function of the President in todays administration, Kautilya stated that the functions of a king are to act as the military, legislative, executive and judicial head of the State. At present, most of the economists speak of the importance of a Welfare State, and yet it is important to note that Kautilya was the first one to have stated that the king was like the Father and all the people or subjects of his country were his children. That is how h e is supposed to take care of them. Again, it is no less important that the three important internal issues for the ruler to attend, as mentioned in Arthasastra are: Rakshawhich literally implies the kings duty to protect life and liberty within his state; Palana that states the kings commitment to ensure national law and justice; and, Yogakshema or to ensure absolute welfare of the people. In todays world, as absolute monarchy has got replaced by democracy, these three characteristics are found to be subsumed in the constitutions of all modern states in the form of preservation of Life, Liberty, Justice, Equality and Property. Kautilyas Arthasastra was composed long back in the year of 321 BCE, and yet it has not lost its relevance, as the oldest and most exhaustive political treatise enlightening the modern administrators on a variety of issues, right from diplomacy, war and peace, to military statecraft and political intelligence. 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